Formerly Tsaryovokokshaysk (Imperial period) and then Krasnokokshaysk (some years in Soviet period) before gaining it's present name

The capital city and the political, economic, cultural and scientific center of the Republic of Mari El

The city was founded in 1578 as a Russian outpost

During the Soviet era, especially post-WWII, the city was a regional industrial and transport center and grew to its current size

For a long time Yoshkar-Ola was an important industrial center with more than 50 enterprises producing refrigerators, radio-parts, tools, bicycles, vitamins, artificial leather, fur goods, clothes, furniture, etc

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The collapse of the Soviet Union removed the artificial support for inefficient state enterprises, and led to the immediate shutdown of most manufacturing activity in the area. Much of the city's economic activity was supported by shuttle traders who would transport (often counterfeit) goods from the bustling markets of Moscow to Yoshkar-Ola's bazaars

The sharp decline in living standards led to the migration of specialized professionals to larger cities in Russia. The city has experienced modest economic growth since (widespread tax evasion makes measurement of economic activity difficult), and has seen several new retail facilities open